二、说明文

【体裁诠释】

  说明文一般用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及规律。说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采用时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑顺序。

  1. 说明文一般分为三类：

     ①事物的说明；②事理的说明; ③文艺性的说明。        

2. 说明文通常具有下列特点：

     (1)多用现在时态。因为说明文通常是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释，而这种客观介绍与解释一般是不随时间变化而变化的。

    (2)采用客观描述。说明文一般是对客观存在的说明与介绍，因此，语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉。

    (3)遣词用字简练、平实、确切。

    说明文的主要目的是帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，故其语言通常较为浅显、通俗，比较易于读者理解。其内容也很客观真实，它的用词总是贴近事物的本来面目，不会使用华丽的词藻和夸张的写作手法，一般也不加描述和议论。

  3. 做好说明文完形填空，最主要的是抓住文章说明的中心，这要求考生做好三方面：

   （1）注意文章的说明顺序，常见的说明顺序有时间、空间、逻辑（指先因后果或先果后因，先主后次的顺序）和认识顺序（指由此及彼，由浅入深，由局部到整体，由现象到本质，由具体到抽象的顺序）。把握了说明的顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，抓住文章中心。

   （2）注意段落之间的逻辑关系，说明文的首段往往是文章的主题段，每段的首句也是主题句，一定把握好主题段和主题句，这是做好这类完形填空题的前提。

   （3）注意文章结尾，文章结尾的段落往往对说明的问题进行总的概括，有时就是文章的点睛之处。

【典例探究】

（2010·安徽卷）Most people give little thought to the pens they write with , especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very 36things are handwritten .All too often, people buy a pen based only on 37and wonder why they are not satisfied 38 they begin to use it .However, buying a pen that you’ll enjoy is not 39 if you keep the following in mind.                                    

First of all, a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be 40 to use .The thickness of the pen is the most important characteristic(特征)41comfort. Having a small hand and thick fingers, you may be comfortable with a thin pen. If you have a 42 hand and thicker fingers, you may 43 a fatter pen .The length of a pen can 44 influence comfort. A pen that is too 45 can easily feel top-heavy and unstable.

Then, the writing point of the pen should 46 the ink to flow evenly(均匀的) while the pen remains in touch with the paper. 47 will make it possible for you to create a 48 line of writing .The point should also be sensitive enough to 49 ink from running when the pen is lifted. A point that does not block the 50 may leave drops of ink, 51 you pick the pen up and put it down again. 

52 , the pen should make a thick , dark line. Fine-line pens may 53 bad handwriting, but fine, delicate  lines do not command  54  next to printed text ,as , 55, a signature on a printed letter .A broader line, on the other hand ,gives an impression of confidence and authority (权威)。

36.A.many      B. few       C. pleasant       D. important

37.A.looks         B. reason        C. value          D. advantages

38.A.once         B. if            C. because        D. though